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Hydrophobic mismatch
Hydrophobic mismatch is the difference between the hydrophobic length of the integral proteins and the hydrophobic thickness of the membrane they span.〔Duque, D.; Li, X. J.; Katsov, K.; Schick, M. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 10478-10484.〕
Under the consideration of energy requirement, in order to avoid unfavorable exposure of hydrophobic surfaces to a hydrophilic environment, the hydrophobic length of the integral proteins is supposed to be approximately equal to the hydrophobic bilayer thickness.
== Structure and organization ==
A biological membrane is a kind of amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell. In most case, it is a lipid bilayer, composed of a double layer of lipid molecules and proteins that may constitute close to 50% of membrane content.〔Mark L. L. Neurophysiological basis of movement. 2007.〕 The interaction of integral proteins with the lipids inside membrane bilayer is of great importance for membrane function.〔Dumas, F.; Lebrun, M. C.; Tocanne, J. F. FEBS Lett. 458, 271, 1999.〕
The thickness of biological membrane is approximately same with the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer. At the same time, the protein embedded inside one membrane could have different hydrophobic length, for example ''Escherichia coli'', a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals, the predicted length of inner membrane enzyme leader peptidase for the second transmembrane helix is only 15 amino acids long.〔Dalbey, R.E. Mol. Membr. Biol. 1991, 5, 2855-2860.〕 While resides in the same membrane, the helices of lactose permease has the mean length of 24±4 residues long.〔Kaback, H.R.; Frilingos, S.; Jung, H.; Jung, K.; Prive, G.G.; Ujwal, M.L.; Weitzman, C.; Wu, J.; Zen, K. J. Exp. Biol. 1994, 196, 183-195.〕 Vice versa, membrane proteins with the same length can be encountered in bilayers of different thickness.〔Killian, J.A. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1998, 1376, 401-416.〕 Like in eukaryotic cells, due to their higher content of cholesterol and sphingomyelin, the plasma membrane is much thicker than the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Yet all proteins that are abundant in the plasma membrane are initially integrated in the endoplasmic reticulum upon synthesis on ribosomes.〔van Meer, G. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1989, 5, 247-275.〕
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